“However, the downstream equipment presents a much bigger challenge due to the significant investment required to add capacity to the proofer and oven, if possible at all,” he pointed out. “Another ...

Upstream operations focus on oil exploration and extraction; downstream operations process crude into products. Effective energy chains require balance between upstream production and downstream ...

After upstream bioprocessing, such as developing a cell line or microorganism that can produce an intended product, a bioprocessor turns to downstream steps to capture and purify that product, as well ...